From: LARRY KLAES (ljk4_at_msn.com)
Date: Sun Jul 18 2004 - 08:05:06 PDT
Gravity Probe B Update -- July 17, 2004
----- Original Message -----
From: Bob Kahn<mailto:kahn_at_relgyro.stanford.edu>
To: gpb-update_at_lists.Stanford.EDU<mailto:gpb-update_at_lists.Stanford.EDU>
Sent: Saturday, July 17, 2004 3:07 PM
Subject: Gravity Probe B Update -- July 17, 2004
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GRAVITY PROBE B MISSION UPDATE -- July 17, 2004
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Please Note: During the Initialization & Orbit Checkout (IOC) Phase of the GP-B mission, we update our Web site and send out this email update once a week (usually on Thursday or Friday) to keep you apprised of our progress. From time to time, we may send out extra updates, as warranted by mission events.
At just under 3 months in orbit, Gravity Probe B is nearing the end of the Initialization and Orbit Checkout (IOC) phase of the mission. The spacecraft remains in excellent health, and all subsystems are continuing to perform well. All four gyros are digitally suspended, with gyros #2 and #4 spinning at science mission speed-greater than 80Hz (4,800 rpm)-and gyros #1 and #3 spinning at approximately 1.5 Hz (90 rpm), ready for full-speed spin-up. The updated drag-free thruster control software that was uploaded to the spacecraft three weeks ago to optimize performance of the Attitude and Translation Control system (ATC) is continuing to perform nominally. The spacecraft's roll rate is 0.52 rpm, and the science telescope is being re-locked onto the guide star, IM Pegasi, following the full-speed spin-up of gyro #2 yesterday.
This past Tuesday, July 13th, Gravity Probe B achieved a major milestone with the successful spin-up of gyro #4 to a science-ready speed of 105.8 Hz (6,348 rpm). Second to the launch, the full-speed spin-up of the gyros has been the next most long-awaited event in the history of GP-B. Members of the team were very attentive at their stations in the Mission Operations Center (MOC) here at Stanford for 3 hours and broke into applause when the final announcement boomed over the MOC intercom that the gyro #4 full spin-up had been completed successfully. Yesterday, July 16th, gyro #2 underwent the same spin-up procedure, reaching a final spin rate of 87 Hz (5,220 rpm). Spinning up the gyros to science-ready speed is a complex and dynamic operation that exercises the full capabilities of the Gyro Suspension System (GSS) and requires a high level of concentration and coordination on the part of the GP-B Team. Following is an overview of the process.
First, commands are sent to the GSS to move the gyro rotor (sphere) very close to the spin-up channel (about 1/100th of the edge of a sheet of paper) in one half of the gyro's housing. Ultra-pure (99.99999%) helium gas is streamed from the Gas Management Assembly (GMA), mounted in a bay on the spacecraft frame, through tubing that enters the "top hat" (the thermal interface at the top of the probe) and travels down to the gyro housings in the Science Instrument Assembly (SIA) at the bottom of the probe. As the helium gas descends into the probe, which is at a temperature of approximately 1.8 Kelvin, the gas cools down from 273 Kelvin to around 12 Kelvin.
Before entering the spin-up channel in one of the gyro housings, the gas is passed through a combination filter/heater. The filter, which is made of sintered titanium, removes any impurities that may have been imparted to the helium on its journey into the probe. The heater enables the helium to be warmed slightly, which increases its adhesion to the ultra-smooth surface of the gyro rotor. The filtered and warmed helium then passes through the spin-up channel in one half of the gyro housing, and most of the gas evacuates into space through an exhaust system. However, some of the helium leaks into the housings of the other gyros, causing their spin rates to decrease up to 20% over a full spin-up period of 2-3 hours.
For this reason, the order in which the gyros are spun up is very important. Earlier in the IOC phase, the 3 Hz (180 rpm) spin-up provided information on the helium leakage rate of each gyro. Gyro #4, which had the highest leakage rate, was spun-up to full speed first, so that helium leaked from its spin-up would not affect other gyros that were already at science mission speed. The remaining gyros are then spun-up in decreasing order of their helium leakage rates-gyro #2, gyro #1, and finally, gyro #3.
Each full-speed spin-up takes most of a day. In the morning, helium gas is flowed over the gyro for 90 seconds, and tests are run to ensure that the helium leakage rate for that gyro corresponds to previous measurements. If everything checks out, the full-speed spin-up, in which helium gas is flowed over the rotors for 2-3 hours, commences early in the afternoon. The GP-B team controls the spin-up process by sending commands from the Mission Operations Center (MOC) here at Stanford to the spacecraft in real-time. For example, they send commands to open or close the GMA valves to flow helium through the gyro's spin-up channel. They also control the amount of heat applied to the gas before it enters the gyro spin-up channel, and they control opening and closing of exhaust valves. Real-time telemetry provides immediate feedback on the progress of the spin-up so that various parameters can be adjusted as necessary.
The successful spin-up of gyro #4 to full speed enabled us to spin-up gyro #2. Gyro #2 topped out at 87 Hz (5,220 rpm), which is only slightly above the minimum spin rate of 80 Hz (4,800 rpm) required for the science experiment. Also, the helium gas leakage from the Gyro 2 spin-up slowed gyro #4 down to 91Hz (5,460 rpm). We are taking some time to evaluate the data from the first two spin-up procedures and to perform some ground-based tests before spinning up gyros #1 and #3 to full speed.
Meanwhile, we are fine-tuning the drag-free software used by the Attitude and Translation Control system (ATC) to optimize its performance at the current and final spacecraft roll rate of 0.52 rpm. For part of each orbit, the spacecraft passes behind the Earth, causing the telescope to lose visual contact with the guide star. During this "eclipse" period, two standard external rate gyroscopes, plus the star trackers on either side of the spacecraft, enable the ATC to keep the spacecraft/telescope pointed towards the guide star. When the spacecraft emerges over the North Pole and the guide star becomes visible again, the telescope must be re-locked onto it. This re-locking has been taking up to 15 minutes, and the fine-tuning will speed up this process considerably.
TOUR THE GP-B SPACECRAFT & PAYLOAD ON OUR WEB SITE
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You can take a visual tour of the GP-B spacecraft and payload by using the navigation menu along the left edge of our Web pages. Choose the second item, The Engineering Story, and from that sub-menu, choose Visual Tour, or simply enter the following URL into your Web browser: http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/vehicle_tour/index.html
BUILD A PAPER MODEL OF THE GP-B SPACECRAFT
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We have created a 1/20 scale, paper model of the GP-B spacecraft that you can download as a PDF file, print out, and assemble. There are two versions of the PDF file-a 6 MB high-quality version and a 2.2 MB standard-quality version. The only visible difference between the versions is that the colors are not as bright and saturated in the standard version, but it will download in much less time for people with low-speed Internet connections. The URL for these PDF files is: http://einstein.stanford.edu/p_model.
Both versions include two pages of instructions and six pages of images to cut out and assemble. You'll need scissors, an Exacto knife, a straight edge, glue (glue sticks and hot glue guns work well), Scotch tape, two 9.5" long, 1/8" diameter wooden dowels (shish-kabob skewers work well) about 3-5 hours, and patience to assemble the model. For best results, we suggest printing the six cut-out pages on heavyweight paper. Although it is a bit hard to work with, glossy photo paper will yield a very realistic looking model.
LEARN MORE ABOUT OUR GUIDE STAR, IM PEGASI
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The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (Cambridge) and York University (Toronto) are studying the guide star to provide crucial measurements of its motion relative to far away quasars. These measurements are needed to relate the tiny changes in the gyroscopes' spin direction to the distant universe, so that general relativity can be tested. Learn more about these measurements by going to the IM Pegasi web site: http://www.yorku.ca/bartel/guidestar/
In addition, you'll find information in the Guide Star FAQ on our Web site: http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/faqs/faqs.html#guidestar and on pages 18-20 of the Gravity Probe B Launch Companion: http://einstein.stanford.edu/highlights/GP-B_Launch_Companion.pdf.
LEARN MORE ABOUT GRAVITY PROBE B & IOC
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Our GP-B Web site, http://einstein.stanford.edu contains lots of information about the Gravity Probe B experiment, general relativity, and the amazing technologies that were developed to carry out this experiment.
If you are interested in following the IOC procedures more closely, you'll find a schedule and description of them on pages 12-14 of the "Gravity Probe B Launch Companion." You can download a copy of this document, in Adobe Acrobat PDF format, from http://einstein.stanford.edu/highlights/GP-B_Launch_Companion.pdf.
TRACK THE GP-B SATELLITE ON THE WEB OR WITH YOUR PDA
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You can track the GP-B satellite on the Web using NASA's Java-based J-Pass satellite tracking application at: http://science.nasa.gov/realtime/JPass/
Also, Big Fat Tail Productions (http://www.bigfattail.com) has created shareware satellite tracking software that runs on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) using either the Palm OS or Pocket PC operating systems. Like all PDA shareware, you can try out either version for free. If you like the software and decide to use it, Big Fat Tail asks that you pay a nominal shareware fee.
FOLLOW THE GP-B MISSION ELSEWHERE ON THE INTERNET
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In addition to our Stanford GP-B Web site, the ELV Missions Virtual Launch Center Web page on the John F. Kennedy Space Center Web site has information and several streaming video clips covering the GP-B mission. The URL is: http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/elvnew/gpb/vlcc.htm. (You can view these video clips free of charge, but you will need to have either the Real Media Player or Windows Media Player installed on your computer to view them.)
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center Gravity Probe B.com Web page (http://www.gravityprobeb.com ) has a number of great photos from the GP-B launch, including photos of the spacecraft separation, as well as other information about Gravity Probe B.
ABOUT THE GPB-UPDATE EMAIL LIST
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The email distribution list for this GP-B Weekly Highlights update is maintained on the Stanford University email lists server. These email updates are automatically sent to GP-B program internal email distribution lists at Stanford, Lockheed Martin, and NASA. If your email address is not included in one of these distribution lists, you have subscribed--or been subscribed by someone else--to this email list.
If this email update was forwarded to you by someone else and you wish to subscribe, simply send an email message to "majordomo_at_lists.Stanford.edu" with the command "subscribe gpb-update" in the body of the message (not in the Subject line).
You can unsubscribe at any time by sending an email message to "majordomo_at_lists.Stanford.edu" with the command, "unsubscribe gpb-update" in the body of the message.
-- ********************************** NASA - Stanford - Lockheed Martin Gravity Probe B Program "Testing Einstein's Universe" http://einstein.stanford.edu Bob Kahn Public Affairs Coordinator Phone: 650-723-2540 Fax: 650-723-3494 Email: kahn_at_relgyro.stanford.edu **********************************
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